Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration

Article Title: Extracellular α-synuclein levels are regulated by neuronal activity

doi: 10.1186/s13024-018-0241-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: ISF α-synuclein is present as high molecular weight species and its steady-state levels are dynamically regulated by neuronal activity. a Picrotoxin (PTX, 50 μM) increased ISF α-synuclein compared to vehicle treatment. N = 4–5. b ISF α-synuclein concentrations were increased by 50 μM PTX from baseline. N = 5. c The mean ISF α-synuclein levels after 25 μM or 50 μM PTX or vehicle (0 μM) infusion were elevated dose dependently N = 4–7. d % ISF LDH activities did not alter by 50 μM PTX. N = 4. e ISF LDH activities did not change by 50 μM PTX from baseline. N = 4. f Tetrodotoxin (5 μM, TTX) decreased ISF α-synuclein N = 4. g ISF α-synuclein concentrations were decreased by TTX from baseline. N = 4. h 50 μM AP5 and 10 μM NBQX decreased ISF α-synuclein. N = 6. i ISF α-synuclein concentrations were decreased by AP5 and NBQX from baseline. N = 6. j 300 μM LY341495 increased ISF α-synuclein without changing LDH activities N = 4. k ISF α-synuclein concentrations were increased by LY341495 from baseline. N = 4. The effect of drug treatment was assessed between baseline α-synuclein levels and mean α-synuclein levels in the entire treatment period. l Absolute concentration of ISF α-synuclein collected at 1.0 μl/min through either 30 kDa membranes or 1000 kDa membranes. N = 4–6. m Absolute concentration of ISF lactate collected at 1.0 μl/min through either 30 kDa membranes or 1000 kDa membranes. N = 4–6. n α-Synuclein concentrations in dialysate collected at the different flow rate by in vitro microdialysis with 30 kDa membranes. o ISF samples obtained from wild-type mice through 1000 kDa membranes were separated by a size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex75 column. α-Synuclein levels in eluted fractions were quantified by α-synuclein ELISA (N = 4). Mean ± SEM, * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, using one-way ANOVA ( c ) or using ratio paired t test ( b , e , g , i , k ) or unpaired t test ( l , m )

Article Snippet: In vivo microdialysis using 1000 kDa cut-off Atmos microdialysis probes (Eicom microdialysis) was performed with slight modifications from the previously described method [ , ].

Techniques: High Molecular Weight, Activity Assay, Concentration Assay, In Vitro, Size-exclusion Chromatography, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: Late aging-associated increases in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia are accompanied by heightened neuroinflammation in the hemi-parkinsonian rat

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.019

Figure Lengend Snippet: A.) Experimental Design: Adult (3-month; 3M) and aged (18-month; 18M) arrived and were allowed a 2-week acclimation. Rats received either a 6-OHDA or Sham lesion and were also outfitted with unilateral striatal cannula. Off-treatment motor deficits were evaluated via the forepaw adjusting steps (FAS; B+C) test 1 week post-surgery. Two to three days later, rats received a single dose of L-DOPA (6 mg/kg) and underwent simultaneous microdialysis testing while LID was monitored (D). Seven days later, rats were sacrificed off-treatment and tissue was collected for cannula verification and HPLC. B.) Off-treatment motor deficits with the forepaw adjusting steps test. A.) Percent intact values are expressed as means (+ S.E.M.) and were calculated by dividing the number of steps with the operated forepaw by the steps taken with the unoperated forepaw × 100. B.) Values are expressed as means (+ S.E.M.) and are the total steps taken by the operated (dashed line) vs. unoperated paw (solid line) both in the forehand direction. n=9–13 per group. *p<0.05 C.) Axial, limb, and orolingual abnormal involuntary movements (ALO AIMs) were monitored every 10 min for 1 min bins for 3 h beginning 10 min after injection. Both ALO Sums and time course values are expressed as medians (+ M.A.D). n=9–13 per group. *p<.05 18M 6-OHDA vs. All groups.

Article Snippet: On test day, microdialysis probes (Eicom, PEP-04–02, 1000 kDa) were inserted and aCSF (147 mM NaCl, 2.8 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl 2 , 1.2 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.40 ± 0.02, sterile filtered) with 0.15% bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was perfused at a rate of 1 μl/min.

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: Late aging-associated increases in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia are accompanied by heightened neuroinflammation in the hemi-parkinsonian rat

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.019

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo microdialysis was employed to assess striatal IL-1β (A-C) and IL-6 (D-F) release during probe stabilization (S1–3), baseline (B1–3) and following acute L-DOPA challenge (LD1–3; 6 mg/kg). n’s: IL-1β=3–4/group; IL-6=3–6/group; *p<0.05 vs. All.

Article Snippet: On test day, microdialysis probes (Eicom, PEP-04–02, 1000 kDa) were inserted and aCSF (147 mM NaCl, 2.8 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl 2 , 1.2 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.40 ± 0.02, sterile filtered) with 0.15% bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was perfused at a rate of 1 μl/min.

Techniques: In Vivo